Essay: “On the Duty of Civil Disobedience” Author: Henry David Thoreau, –62 First published: The original essay is in the public domain in the United States and in most, if not all, other countries as well. Readers outside the United States should check their own countries’ copyright laws to Although Thoreau’s writing achieved little fame during his lifetime, his essay on civil disobedience was later “re-discovered” by Mohandas Gandhi, who came across it while studying law at Oxford as a young man. Gandhi later used the essay as a foundation for his efforts in India resisting the British government through civil blogger.com Size: KB Thoreau Individualism. Words | 3 Pages. of handling situations. To others, it is just a way of expressing how they feel about decisions the government make and it makes them feel as though they have a voice in how the decisions are mad. In the essay, “Civil Disobedience,” by Henry David Thoreau, there are several connections made to how the people should react to the
Henry David Thoreau - Wikipedia
Henry David Thoreau July 12, — May 6, was an American naturalist, essayistpoetthoreau essay philosopher. Thoreau's books, articles, essays, journals, and poetry amount to more than 20 volumes. Among his lasting contributions are his writings on natural history and philosophy, in which he thoreau essay the methods and findings of ecology and environmental historytwo sources of modern-day environmentalism.
His literary style interweaves close observation of nature, personal experience, pointed rhetoric, symbolic meanings, and historical lore, while displaying a poetic sensibility, philosophical austerityand attention to practical detail. Thoreau was a lifelong abolitionistdelivering lectures that attacked the fugitive slave law while praising the writings of Wendell Phillips and defending the abolitionist John Brown, thoreau essay. Thoreau's philosophy of civil disobedience later influenced the political thoughts and actions of such notable figures as Leo TolstoyMahatma Gandhiand Martin Luther King Jr.
Thoreau is sometimes referred to as thoreau essay anarchist. Carried out, it finally amounts to this, which also I believe,— 'That government is best which governs not at all;' and when men are prepared for it, that will be the kind of government which they will have. I ask for, not at once no government, but at once a better government. Edward Waldo Emerson wrote that the name should be pronounced "Thó-row", with thoreau essay h sounded and stress on the first syllable.
Thoreau had a distinctive appearance, with a nose that he called his "most prominent feature". His face, once seen, could not be forgotten. The features were quite marked: the nose aquiline or very Roman, like thoreau essay of the portraits of Thoreau essay more like a beak, as was said ; large overhanging brows above the deepest set blue eyes that could be seen, in certain lights, thoreau essay, and in others gray,—eyes expressive of all shades of feeling, but never weak or near-sighted; thoreau essay forehead not unusually broad or high, full of concentrated energy and purpose; the mouth with prominent lips, pursed up with meaning and thought when silent, and giving out when open with the most varied and unusual instructive sayings.
Henry David Thoreau was born David Henry Thoreau [17] in Concord, Massachusettsthoreau essay, into the "modest New England family" [18] of John Thoreau, a pencil maker, and Cynthia Dunbar, thoreau essay. His paternal grandfather had been born on the UK crown dependency island of Jersey. He began to call himself Henry David after he finished thoreau essay he never petitioned to make a legal name change, thoreau essay.
Helen — died at age 36 years, from tuberculosis. John Jr. Henry David — died at age 44, of tuberculosis. Sophia — survived him by 14 years, dying at age 57 years, of tuberculosis. Thoreau's birthplace still exists on Virginia Road in Concord. The house has been restored by the Thoreau Farm Trust, [24] a nonprofit organization, and is now open to the public.
He studied at Harvard College between and He lived in Hollis Hall and took courses in rhetoric thoreau essay, classics, thoreau essay, philosophy, mathematics, and science. In fact, the master's degree he declined to purchase had no academic merit: Harvard College offered it to graduates "who proved their physical worth by being alive three years after graduating, and their saving, thoreau essay, earning, or inheriting quality or condition by having Thoreau essay Dollars to give the college".
His grandfather owned the earliest of the three buildings that were later combined. The school closed when John became fatally ill from tetanus in after cutting himself while shaving. Upon graduation Thoreau returned home to Concord, where he met Ralph Waldo Emerson through a thoreau essay friend. Emerson urged Thoreau to contribute essays and poems to a quarterly periodical, thoreau essay, The Dialand lobbied the editor, Margaret Fuller, to publish those writings.
Thoreau's first essay published in The Dial was "Aulus Persius Flaccus", [33] an essay on the Roman poet and satirist, thoreau essay, in July The first journal entry, on October 22,reads, "'What are you doing now? Thoreau was a philosopher of nature and its relation to the human condition, thoreau essay. In thoreau essay early years he followed Transcendentalisma loose and eclectic idealist philosophy advocated by Emerson, Fuller, and Alcott.
They held that an ideal spiritual state transcends, or goes beyond, the physical and empirical, and that one achieves that insight via personal intuition rather than religious doctrine. In their view, Nature is the outward sign of inward spirit, thoreau essay, expressing the "radical correspondence of visible things and human thoughts", thoreau essay Emerson wrote in Nature On April 18,Thoreau moved into the Emerson house.
Thoreau essay a few months inhe moved to the home of William Emerson on Staten Islandthoreau essay, [37] and tutored the family's sons while seeking contacts among literary men and journalists in the city who might help publish his writings, including his future literary representative Horace Greeley. Thoreau returned to Concord and worked in his family's pencil factory, which he would continue to do alongside his writing and other work for most of thoreau essay adult life.
He rediscovered thoreau essay process of making good pencils with inferior graphite by using clay as the binder. The process of mixing graphite and clay, known as the Conté process, had been first thoreau essay by Nicolas-Jacques Conté in The company's other source of graphite thoreau essay been Tantiusquesa mine operated by Native Americans in Sturbridge, Massachusetts. Later, Thoreau converted the pencil factory to thoreau essay plumbago, a name for graphite at the time, which was used in the electrotyping process.
Once back in Concord, Thoreau went through a restless period. In April he and his friend Edward Hoar accidentally set a fire that consumed acres hectares of Walden Woods. I went to the woods because I wished to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life, and see if I could not learn what it had to teach, and not, when I came to die, discover that I had not lived.
I did not wish to live what was not life, living is so dear; nor did I wish to practise resignation, unless it was quite necessary. I wanted to live deep and suck out all the marrow of life, to live so thoreau essay and Spartan-like as to put to rout all that was not thoreau essay, to cut a broad swath and shave close, to drive life into a corner, and reduce it to its lowest terms, and, if it proved to be mean, why then to get the whole and genuine meanness of it, and publish its meanness to the world; or if it were sublime, thoreau essay, to know it by experience, thoreau essay, and be able to give a true account of it in my next excursion.
Thoreau felt a need to concentrate and work more on his writing. I see no other alternative, no other hope for you. The house was in "a pretty pasture and woodlot" of 14 acres 5. On July 24 or July 25, thoreau essay,Thoreau ran into the local tax collectorThoreau essay Staples, who asked him to pay six years of delinquent poll taxes.
Thoreau refused because of his opposition to the Mexican—American War and slaveryand he spent a night in jail because of this refusal. The next day Thoreau thoreau essay freed when someone, thoreau essay, likely to have been his aunt, thoreau essay, paid the tax, against his wishes. In January and Februaryhe delivered lectures on "The Rights and Duties of the Individual in relation to Government", [46] explaining his tax resistance at the Concord Lyceum.
Bronson Alcott attended the lecture, writing in his journal on January Heard Thoreau's lecture before the Lyceum on the relation of the individual to the State—an admirable statement of the rights of the individual to self-government, thoreau essay, and an attentive audience.
His allusions thoreau essay the Mexican War, to Mr. Hoar 's expulsion from Carolina, his own imprisonment in Concord Jail for refusal to pay his tax, Mr. Hoar's payment of mine when taken to prison for a similar refusal, were all pertinent, well considered, and reasoned. I took great pleasure in this deed of Thoreau's.
Thoreau revised the lecture into an essay titled " Resistance to Civil Government " also known as "Civil Disobedience". It was published by Elizabeth Peabody in the Aesthetic Papers in May Thoreau had taken up a version of Percy Shelley 's principle in the political poem " The Mask of Anarchy "which begins with the powerful images of the unjust forms thoreau essay authority of thoreau essay time and then imagines the stirrings of a radically new form of social action.
At Walden Pond, Thoreau completed a first draft of A Week on the Concord and Merrimack Riversan elegy to his brother John, describing their trip to the White Mountains in Thoreau did not find a publisher for the book thoreau essay instead printed 1, copies at his own expense; fewer than were sold. In AugustThoreau thoreau essay left Thoreau essay to make a trip to Mount Katahdin in Mainea journey later recorded in "Ktaadn", the first part of The Maine Woods, thoreau essay.
Thoreau left Walden Pond on September 6, thoreau essay, The book compresses that time into a single calendar year, using the passage of the four seasons to symbolize human development, thoreau essay.
Part thoreau essay and part spiritual quest, Walden at first won few admirers, but later critics have regarded it as a classic American work that explores natural simplicity, harmony, and beauty as models for just social and cultural conditions.
The American poet Robert Frost wrote of Thoreau, "In one book he surpasses everything we have had in America. The American author John Updike said of the book, "A century and a half after its publication, thoreau essay, Walden has become such a totem of thoreau essay back-to-nature, preservationist, anti-business, civil-disobedience mindset, and Thoreau so vivid a protester, so perfect a crank and hermit saint, that the book risks being as revered and unread as the Bible.
Thoreau moved out of Emerson's house in July and stayed at thoreau essay house on nearby Belknap Street. Inhe moved into a house at Main Streetwhere he lived until his death. In the summer ofthoreau essay, Thoreau and Channing journeyed from Boston to Montreal and Quebec City. These would be Thoreau's only travels outside the United States. He jested that all he got from this adventure "was a cold", thoreau essay.
Whereas his own country had had its revolution, in Canada history had failed to turn. InThoreau became increasingly fascinated with natural history and narratives of travel and expedition. He read avidly on botany and often wrote observations on this topic into his journal.
He admired William Bartram and Charles Darwin 's Voyage of the Beagle. He kept detailed observations on Concord's nature lore, recording everything from how the fruit ripened over time to the fluctuating depths of Walden Pond and the days certain birds migrated. The point of this task was to "anticipate" the seasons of nature, in his word.
He thoreau essay a land surveyor and continued to write increasingly detailed observations on the natural history of the town, covering an area of 26 square miles 67 square kilometersthoreau essay, in his journal, a two-million-word document he kept for 24 years. He also kept a series of notebooks, and these observations became the source of his late writings on natural history, such as "Autumnal Tints", "The Succession of Trees", and "Wild Apples", an essay lamenting the destruction of the local wild apple species.
With the rise of environmental history and ecocriticism as academic disciplines, thoreau essay, several new readings of Thoreau began to emerge, thoreau essay him to have been both a philosopher and an analyst of ecological patterns in fields and woodlots. In this lecture, first presented to a cattle show in Concord, and considered his greatest contribution to ecology, Thoreau explained why one species of tree can grow in a place where a different tree did previously.
He observed that squirrels often carry nuts far from the tree from which they fell to create stashes. These seeds are likely to germinate and grow should the squirrel die or abandon the stash, thoreau essay. He credited the squirrel for performing a "great service in the economy of the universe.
He traveled to Canada East once, Cape Cod four times, and Maine three times; these landscapes inspired his "excursion" books, A Yankee in CanadaCape Codand The Maine Woodsin which travel itineraries frame his thoughts about geography, thoreau essay, history and philosophy.
Other travels thoreau essay him southwest to Philadelphia and New York City in and west across the Great Lakes region inwhen he visited Niagara FallsDetroit, Chicago, MilwaukeeSt.
Paul and Mackinac Island, thoreau essay. He devoured all the first-hand travel accounts available in his day, at a time when the last unmapped regions of the earth were being explored. He read Magellan and James Cook ; the arctic explorers John FranklinAlexander Mackenzie and William Parry ; David Livingstone and Richard Francis Burton on Africa; Lewis and Clark ; and hundreds of lesser-known works by explorers and literate travelers.
Thoreau essay processed everything he read, in the local laboratory of his Concord experience. Among his famous aphorisms is his advice to "live at home like a traveler".
After John Brown's raid on Harpers Ferrymany prominent voices in the abolitionist movement distanced themselves from Brown or damned him with faint praise.
Studying Thoreau: Collected Essays
, time: 43:55"Life Without Principle" by Henry David Thoreau - Words | Essay Example
Thoreau Individualism. Words | 3 Pages. of handling situations. To others, it is just a way of expressing how they feel about decisions the government make and it makes them feel as though they have a voice in how the decisions are mad. In the essay, “Civil Disobedience,” by Henry David Thoreau, there are several connections made to how the people should react to the Essay: “On the Duty of Civil Disobedience” Author: Henry David Thoreau, –62 First published: The original essay is in the public domain in the United States and in most, if not all, other countries as well. Readers outside the United States should check their own countries’ copyright laws to Although Thoreau’s writing achieved little fame during his lifetime, his essay on civil disobedience was later “re-discovered” by Mohandas Gandhi, who came across it while studying law at Oxford as a young man. Gandhi later used the essay as a foundation for his efforts in India resisting the British government through civil blogger.com Size: KB
No comments:
Post a Comment